What Are the Advantages Disadvantages of Working in...

â€Å"A team is a group of individuals who work together to produce products or deliver services for which they are mutually accountable.† (Cohen Mohrman, 1995) Teamwork is used everyday, everywhere in business organisations. It is an important way of bringing people together, developing stronger bonds between members and quickly tackling large projects. There have been many theorists who have developed conflicting theories regarding the pros and cons of working in teams, thus the ageing problem in hand is firstly being able to identify these advantages and disadvantages, and secondly trying to find solutions to reducing or avoiding these disadvantages. The ability to do this is of paramount importance for leaders everywhere†¦show more content†¦Allport argued that the key to resolving conflict was better interaction between members. The foundation of this argument is that interaction consolidates a feeling of group identity resulting in stronger bonds between group members and encourages friendships. In this way, if we examine Allport’s theory with reference to Guirdham’s, we could see that team members might be less likely to abuse group norms. However, one problem that could arise as a follow on from encouraging team members to become friendly with one another is the idea of groupthink, which I shall discuss shortly. The second advantage I am going to discuss is that group members all motivate one another. In order to provide evidence for this statement it is necessary to re-examine one of the theories mentioned earlier; Group norms (Guirdham, 1995). Guirdham suggests that every team member is encouraged to adopt these four norms which encourages stronger bonds between the team members and can convert simple group members into friends. This therefore leads to an environment in which everybody gets along. However, it could be argued that there are two major consequences and disadvantages that may arise through this type of approach. I already touched upon the first one; somebody in the group may abuse the group norms and morale may be lowered. The second is the idea of groupthink (Janis, 1972). Groupthink is the idea that in an environment where people are too friendly, they doShow MoreRelatedTeamwork in the Workplace2308 Words   |  10 PagesWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of wor king in teams? By reference to relevant theory show how can the disadvantages be reduced or avoided. A team is a group of people working together to achieve the same objectives. Katzenbach and Smith state in their report The Discipline of Teams (1993) that ‘the essence of a team is common commitment. Without it, groups perform as individuals; with it, they become a powerful unit of collective performance.’ Throughout this study, I will analyse theRead MoreInternational Marketing Channels - Orana Case5714 Words   |  23 Pages. ORANA uses both its own sales staff and independent distributors to increase retail sales in Vietnam. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. ORANA realized the huge opportunity in covering new market areas due to the increasing demand in Vietnam as an emerging market, many indications showed that annual sales has a potential growth rate of around 20%, due to the increasing purchasing power, the middle class is growing, and people are willing to try new products. ThereforeRead MoreMis Summary25465 Words   |  102 Pagesstand-alone tasks more efficient. Assists with the execution of discrete tasks. Ex.: word processors, spreadsheets, CAD systems Characteristics: Can be adopted without complements; impact increases when complements are in place Capabilities: o Enhancing experimentation capacity o Increasing precision 2) Network IT (NIT): provides a means by which people can communicate with one another. Facilitates interactions without specifying their parameters. Ex.: e-mail, instant messaging, blogs, groupware. UnlikeRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pages(for which 1 mark can be awarded). [5 marks] Person Specification for Head of Economics and Politics †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ b) Ability to lead an experienced team of teachers Experience of teaching to IB level Must have proven leadership skills and be an effective team player Excellent communication and interpersonal skills Be prepared to maintain outstanding standards set by the school and Department Ability and willingness to offer extra-curricular activities an advantage All teachingRead MoreAn Investigation of Customization in ERP System Implementations Marcus11491 Words   |  46 Pagesplanning (ERP) system adopters have pursued high levels of software customization during implementation despite the generally accepted best-practice heuristic of limiting customization. Qualitative data from ERP adoption projects and consultants working with ERP implementations have been collected. This study empirically identiï ¬ es customization drivers and explains their relationship to customization. The results suggest that high customization may occur because of: unnecessary redevelopment of functionalityRead MoreAssignment on Hr Promotion Transfer14234 Words   |  57 Pagescooperation, long service etc.† Promotion is defined as giving higher position to the employee, which carries high status more responsibilities and higher status. Promotion means advancement of employee in terms of pay and status also improvement in working conditions. The upward assignment of an individual in an organization is hierarchy, accompanied by increased responsibilities, enhances status and usually with increased income through not always so – Arun Monappa amp; Mirza S. Saiyadain. EdwinRead MoreChern12534 Words   |  51 Pages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Executive Summary Core Results Consulting (CRC) understands that strategic planning that involves acquiring, deploying, and retaining the right number, and quality, of employees who possess the appropriate talents to effectively execute the company strategy. In order for Chern to maintain their competitive advantage the company must execute an effective strategic staffingRead MoreProblems on Cost Accounting70221 Words   |  281 Pagesbeen prepared by the faculty of the Board of Studies. The objective of the study material is to provide teaching material to the students to enable them to obtain knowledge and skills in the subject. Students should also supplement their study by reference to the recommended text books. In case students need any clarifications or have any suggestions to make for further improvement of the material contained herein, they may write to the Director of Studies. All care has been taken to provide interpretationsRead MoreShared Service Center42220 Words   |  169 PagesMana gement control in Shared Service Centers - How to influence people in the striving towards organizational goals Authors: Emma Carlsson Ann Schurmann Avdelning, Institution Division, Department Ekonomiska institutionen 581 83 LINKÃâ€"PING Sprà ¥k Language Svenska/Swedish X Engelska/English Rapporttyp Report category Licentiatavhandling Examensarbete C-uppsats X D-uppsats Ãâ€"vrig rapport ____ URL fà ¶r elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/eki/2004/iep/015/ Titel Title Fà ¶rfattare AuthorRead MoreData Base Management System13582 Words   |  55 Pageshierarchy t A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases. * A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle. * A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol. * A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number (such as a person’s name or age) is called a field. * A group of related

Persuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech - 800 Words

Freedom of speech in America is defined by the right to express any opinions without any censorship or restraint. But it isn’t just defined by the words people speak aloud. It’s the actions they take part in to support the words they express. The writing of books and essays, creating artwork, giving speeches to grand crowds, voting, protesting. But do all people have the right to speak their mind? Should people be able to speak freely, to express opinions and thoughts, as promised in the United States constitution? A controversial topic, with many different opinions weighing in from around the world. Speech is expression of thoughts, through many different actions. Some include writing, artwork, speeches, protests. On occasion in speaking†¦show more content†¦With all these truths, and the freedom to speak them, comes the question of who should hold the power and ability to speak their minds. In the United States, our society believes everyone should have the right to freedom of speech, to voice thoughts and opinions. Written down in the constitution is the promise to citizen rights, to all peoples who want to exercise those rights. â€Å"It was we the people; not we, the white male citizens,† who built up our nation and society, and the promise to freedom of speech (Anthony, par. 4). Women, children, teens, those of color should all be able to speak freely, to give shape to the opinions they hold like all the empowered men that speak freely. Not all governments and nations feel the same about this. In Singapore, they have their â€Å"own standards of social orde r as reflected in [their] laws† (Reyes, par. 3). Different nations feel differently about human rights and laws as presented by the United States, including freedom of speech, whether it is safe for everyone to speak their minds or just best to keep it to those who are fed lies from those of a higher position. With freedom of speech can come violence, a common reason for nations and governments to deny this right. Some societies, such as Singapore, agree that by enforcing certain laws that abide the government keep said nation â€Å"orderly and relatively crime-free† (Reyes, par. 3). Freedom of speech can also meanShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech758 Words   |  4 Pagesare going to be offended and there are things that should offend us. My point is not that it’s alright to offend people; offending someone on purpose is just wrong. However to seek to ban the offensive opinions of others is an assault on freedom of speech and freedom of thought. This belief has disrupted our education process, made us lose our sense of security, and it’s killing the american dream. Political correctness has in some ways leveled the playing field in schools. Is this a good thing? YourRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech1922 Words   |  8 Pageswith how America is at the moment. They are not happy with the Racism that America is said to be full of. The athletes use a form of freedom of speech to show their concern for the country. Some Americans find this act disrespectful to the flag and the military. Their form of freedom of speech is viewed as a form of patriotism. Their form of freedom of speech is also viewed as wrong and dishonoring. The athletes kneel to make a point, showing a sign of patriotism, but some Americans findRead MoreCritical Response Essay Final - I Have a Dream981 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Response Essay ------------------------------------------------- How does ‘I have a Dream’ By Martin Luther King conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a persuasive speech, and for what purpose? ------------------------------------------------- I have chosen the question â€Å"How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose?† I have decided to analyse Martin Luther King’s classic Civil Rights Movement speech â€Å"I have a Dream†Read MoreAmerica s Constitution Was Built Upon The Fundamentals That All Citizens1065 Words   |  5 Pagesthey believe that citizens should become more accepting of others and willing to converse despite their differences. Bloomberg wrote in his commencement speech at Harvard’s graduation for the class of 2014 that, citizens of the U.S. should protect their freedom of speech and also to tolerate the beliefs of others. Likewise Kaminer argued in her essay A Civic Duty to Annoy published in â€Å"The Atlantic† that citizens have a responsibility to enter thought provoking discussions on important issues to buildRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Novel, Animal Farm881 Words   |  4 PagesStudent: K Ganesh The following essay will discuss an extract from George Orwell’s novel, Animal Farm: 1945. Persuasive proses will be discussed with the use of linguistic features such as lexical cohesion, metaphor, hyperbole, mood, pronouns, quoted speech, polarity and tense. This will be based on the persuasion and the creation of an alliance, focussing on the freedom and concern of similar parties. The entire extract has made use of quoted speech using scare quotes, drawing attention toRead MoreRhetoric And Rhetoric - I Have A Dream By Martin Luther King Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagessocial world. For a long time, the world has been exposed to the persuasive model of rhetoric that has dominated most of the speeches we have had. A different approach to rhetoric has however not received the attention that it deserves. The rhetoric approach is called invitational model of rhetoric. The invitational approach promises to bring more impressive and long term results as opposed to the traditional model of rhetoric. This essay will examine and compare the traditional and the invitationalRead MoreAnalysis Of Vincent Van Gogh s The Starry Night Painting1180 Words   |  5 Pagespainting gets analyzed, you can feel what he was trying to portray not only through the Starry night painting, but the rest of his paintings as well. 2. Select a discursive artifact (such as a speech, an essay, or song lyrics) and show how the five canons of rhetoric are operating in it. - The famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream,† given to an audience at the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963 is a perfect example of Aristotle’s five canons of rhetoric. First of all, inventionRead MoreAnalysis Of Coca Cola And Grove Press By Richard Seaver786 Words   |  4 Pagesother company is using their strength against the original company who came up with it first. Between the two letters that have been written back and forth about this quote, Seaver’s letter may be seen as the most persuasive. For starters, Seaver’s letter can be seen as the most persuasive between the two because he justifies a clear statement that the jingle was not stolen at all. Towards the end of the letter, Seaver mentions about a book reviewer’s words on the book itself. Peter S. Prescott hasRead MoreWhy The United States Entered World War I942 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I This essay will examine all nine readings. There will also be insight given to why the United States entered World War I, and whether or not the reasons were persuasive. Other things will also be discussed, including: what America’s war aims were, and how Wilson’s goals were unrealistic, misleading, overly idealistic and moralistic. The fact that Wilson expected too much of international law and international organization. Also, why Wilson’s goals were not achieved. That the nationalRead MorePersuasive Essay On Academic Freedom764 Words   |  4 PagesA Persuasive Essay of Academic Freedom In my argument essay, I believe that Academic Freedom is important to everyone. The right of academic freedom means that a university cant tell its faculty members what topics they can research, or teach about, or discuss. So this right encourages the development of new knowledge, and supports research that might result in new discoveries in the future, by protecting researchers from intimidation or censorship. A particular research topic might seem to an

Dr. Harold Shipman free essay sample

Dr. Harold Shipman was born on January 14, 1946 at Nottingham, United Kingdom. He graduated from Leeds University and began working at Pontefract General Infirmary in 1970. But in 1998, Shipman was arrested for the death of Kathleen Grundy and a year later, it was found out that he had killed 15 elderly patients. He was given a life sentence in prison for the murders of these victims. But the horror did not end there. Because in July 2002, further investigations on his case showed that Shipman killed 215 patients. And of this number, 171 were women and 44 were men, with the oldest being a 93-year-old woman and the youngest a 47-year-old man. From then on, Shipman was tagged as â€Å"Dr. Death†. But on January 2004, Shipman was found dead in his prison cell after hanging himself with his bed sheets. There have been several similar cases about professionals abusing their power and taking their responsibilities for granted. And most of the time, it is the unknowing ordinary people who ends up as victims. We will write a custom essay sample on Dr. Harold Shipman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And during such events, the public does not know who to blame for the death of several people. In this case, the relatives of Shipman’s victims are left without peace of mind. Basically because despite the large number of murders charged on Shipman, the killer doctor did not admit that he did all the killings up to his death. The story of Shipman and the huge number of patients he killed prove that there are several sides that should have been held responsible for the crimes. First of course, is Shipman, because he abused his powers to a very high extent. And this practice can be connected to several professionals who do not know the limit of their authority. Some doctors, like Shipman, are overwhelmed by the fact that they have the power to save life and induce death to other people. And this habit is the most vital role that every professional should learn how to control. Secondly, the relatives of the victims should somehow, be responsible for the death of their loved ones as well. They should have been observant about how Shipman treats his patients and asked how his patients ended up when brought to his clinic. If they were able to find out that a series of death has been happening in that place, they could have searched for other hospital that could aid their dying relatives. Lastly, this story shows that there is a lot to blame the government and the police officials. First and foremost, why were they not able to detect that a series of serial killing was happening in Hyde, Greater Manchester? Why did it take them 20 years to see that such dreadful medical malpractice was killing several people? In addition, when Shipman was proven to be addicted to the painkiller pethidine even when he was still in Todmorden, Lancashire, he should have been prevented from creating his own clinic where all these killings happened. It is impossible that he did not request necessary permits for his clinic. During this time, he could have been prevented if the authorities were vigilant enough to check his background and his sanity before they allowed him to build such. If only the authorities were able to check his history as a doctor, Shipman would have been thwarted from doing such crimes. And if the authorities were watchful about the series of deaths in Shipman’s clinic, such abuse of powers and neglect of responsibilities would have not happened. In the end, all people involved in this issue should not spare themselves from blame and guilt because the status of the society dictates that everybody should be accountable to each other. If you have seen that something wrong is happening to your community, then you should report it to proper authorities. The authorities, as what they ought to do, should serve and protect the people in order to avoid same cases from happening again.

Research Paper on Dr. Seuss free essay sample

These famous words not only started my childhood but many children’s childhood. Theodore Seuss Geisel or most commonly known as Dr. Seuss was born on March 2, 1994 and from there the world was changed. Theodore Geisel is a charismatic man who put his lively personality into his fun and lighthearted books like Green Eggs and Ham, The classic Cat in the Hat, and the iconic How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Born on March 2,1904 in Springfield, Massachusetts Theodore Seuss Geisel made his way into the world. His mother Henrietta and Theodore were very busy people. His father managed the family brewery and later supervised Springfield’s public park system after the brewery closed because of prohibition. â€Å"His mother was a baker who often chanted the names of the pies she was making at the bakery in a soft lively rhythm to the children as they fell asleep at night. † (Kallen 8). Geisel grew up speaking German and English, and his fascination quirky words began at an early age due to his family. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Dr. Seuss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, his sister, Margaretha, called herself Marnie Ding Ding Guy, and his first creation was the Wynnmph with ears three yards long (Kaplan). Some books that inspired Dr. Seuss were The Whole Book for writing and The Brownies: Their Book for drawing. â€Å" Theodore Geisel, was an American author, artist, and publisher who wrote more then forty books for children. † (Kallen 8). Some of these books include: Hop On Pop, The Cat In The Hat, Horton Hears A Who, The Lorax, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Oh, The Places You’ll Go, One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish, The Sneetches, Fox In Sox, Yertle the Turtle, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, and If I Ran the Zoo. Three iconic works of Dr. Seuss are Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, and How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Green Eggs and Ham is a very popular childhood favorite. In this short tale Dr. Seuss depicts two very opposite characters. Sam is the persistent â€Å"child† in the tale who tries to get the older much grumpier elder in this story to eat green eggs and ham. As the story moves along Sam out the elder in different situations to see if he would eat the green eggs and ham, but to Sam’s dismay the elder wouldn’t. Finally after trying and trying and trying Sam gets the elder to try the Green eggs and ham. One of the most popular stories by Dr. Seuss is the classic How the Grinch Stole Christmas. This story became so popular that Universal Studios not only picket it up for a movie, but also a whole theme for their Christmas season theme park. In this story the Grinch loathes Christmas and the who’s with every fiber of his being. The Grinch presents himself as socially cut off from the who’s down in whoville. He lives on top of Mt. Crumpit with his dog Max. All of this hate is because his heart is two sizes too small (and this time he’ll keep it off). He finally had enough of the Who’s bangboozaling and clangclangaling so he devised a plan to steal Christmas. After Santa Clause came and delivered all the presents to the houses he would sneak in, in his Santa Clause suit and steal every present, every light, every decoration, every tree, and all of the food for the feast. He even stole the roast beast! He would empty the houses one by one and he didn’t leave anything. Not even a crumb big enough for a mouse. So as he got done with emptying the houses and was about to dump everything over Crumpit he heard a noise, a weird noise not of sorrow but of singing. That day his heart grew 10 times bigger. So in the end the Grinch that stole Christmas ended up being the Grinch that saved Christmas, he even served the roast beast and the feast! The next story that is pretty popular and also got picked up for a movie is The Cat in the Hat. In this silly story Dr. Seuss tells a tale about a control freak sister, Sally and a rule-breaking brother, Conrad. Conrad not only doesn’t follow the rules but if you tell him to do something he always does the opposite of what any authority figure tells him to do. On the other hand his sister sally always foes what she is told and never really has any fun, she sucks the fun out of everything. On this rainy day the kids don’t know what to do. Then a miracle happens! The magical cat in the hat comes to visit comes to provide all the fun they can have with no consequences. As the day goes on and the mess gets bigger the cat in the hat introduces Thing 1 and Thing 2 from his world to Sally and Conrad. They came from this bow that lead to the cats universe, of course the cat knowing the Conrad does the opposite of whatever he is told tell Conrad to not open the box or else he will unleash the mother load of all messes. Of course Conrad being Conrad opens the box and unleashes the mess. When they finally get the box closed the house was wrecked. They had to fix it before their mom got home. So Sally, Conrad, Cat, and Thing 1 and Thing 2 worked together to clean up the house and they did it! Some of the literary devices he uses are alliteration. For example who’s in Whoville of Horton hears a who. Another literary device is his symbols like the Cat in the hat. In the story the hat symbolizes magic and fun. Also, the box in the story symbolizes cause and effect, consequences when rules are broken, and lastly unprecedented fun. Lastly, he uses rhyme scheme to add a rhythmic feel to his poem and also his own personal style. Even though Dr. Seuss makes it hard not to love his up beat wacky stories that while they provide you a giggle hear and there and skip to your step all while teaching you life lessons many people still criticize Dr. Seuss. Many because Dr. Seuss’s stories address political and social issues. â€Å"In an insightful 1995 analysis in the journal Children’s Literature, Tim Wolf of Middle Tennessee State University points out a recurring theme in his books: the desperate need â€Å"to win the approval of a rejecting parent. † On the first page of Dr. Seuss’ first children’s book, 1937? And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, a father sternly tells his son: â€Å"Stop telling such outlandish tales. Stop turning minnows into whales. † Also, Timothy Cook wrote in the Political Research Quarterly in 1983 like L. Frank Baum, â€Å" â€Å"present a distinctly negative aspect of government and authority. † In such tales as Yertle the Turtle and The 500 H ats of Bartholomew Cubbins, â€Å"Seuss shows political authority as potentially selfish and exploitative, thirsting for more power, heedless of the best interests of the community,† Cook asserts. Both Baum and Seuss, by the conclusions of their stories, appear to argue that government should be limited in its scope. † †. As you can see even though Dr. Seuss’s Stories are meant to make us giggle they also serve a larger purpose and that is to address social and political issues in the world that he sees. All in all Dr. Seuss plays a prominent role in American literature because he sets the basic building blocks for children at a young age. No matter what age you are you can’t help but let your inner child out when you read these silly tales.

Political and Economic Concerns in Iraq

Political and Economic Concerns in Iraq Introduction In the future paper, I would like to examine political and economic concerns in Iraq. In particular, it is to discuss the relationship between political stability in this country and the stagnation of the economy. They will be regarded as inter-dependent variables. In order to illustrate my arguments, I will discuss the violent attacks that occurred in Baghdad on March 19, 2013. One should discuss the causes and consequences of this event. The findings of this analysis can be helpful for explaining the challenges that the Iraqi society currently faces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political and Economic Concerns in Iraq specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main causes of the event While examining the causes of this event, I will focus on two factors. First of all, much attention should be paid the problem of corruption. It should be taken into account that at the moment, the Iraqi politicians are amon g the most corrupt ones in the Middle East. This issue is a significant barrier that prevents the growth of businesses and lowers the conditions of living in the country. So, it leads to the discontent of many citizens and protests that can often be violent. It should be taken into account that this country is torn by different the representative of various political and religious factions. In order to illustrate this issue, I will focus on the attacks that took place on March 19. In this case, one should focus on the bombings and violent demonstrations that were aimed against the current Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki. Consequences This event is important for my discussion because it suggests that economic development is closely related to the political situation in the country. The problem is that Iraq economy fails to achieve sufficient growth because of the insurgencies that took place in the March of 2013. Many local entrepreneurs can be afraid of starting their operations in the country since they do not know whether their rights will be protected by the state. Furthermore, this instability deprives the country from the access to the international capital. So, the relations between economic and political life will be the most important part of the paper. Sources While writing the paper, I may use various sources such as academic books and peer-reviewed articles that examine the political and economic development of the post-war Iraq. Furthermore, I will have to incorporate some of the recent newspaper reports in order to tell more about the bombings and shootings which occurred on March 19, 2013. Conclusion and the main theme In my opinion, this approach is helpful for understanding the political and economic concerns that exist in Iraq. The event that has been chosen for discussion is important because it shows that the level of prosperity in the society can be determined by the political situation in this country. It seems that these issues should be considered by the legislators of Iraq as well as political leaders of other nations.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, the main theme is the transformation of the post-war society that can be adversely affected by various internal and external forces. It is important to explain how a country like Iraq recovers from the military, economic, and political collapse. The discussion presented in my paper will show how arduous this transformation is. This is the main issue that should be kept in mind.

How to Answer the Interview Question What Makes You Unique

How to Answer the Interview Question What Makes You Unique More and more people are getting the question, â€Å"What makes you unique?† in an interview setting. It can throw even the most prepared job seekers off their guard. What does the hiring manager want to know, exactly? About your personality? About your skills profile? A general rule of thumb would be this: an interviewer is trying to see what you choose to emphasize in your answer, and also how well you think creatively on the spot with a question you may not have prepared. But you can prepare! Download this list of 10 toughest interview questions and prepare your answer before heading into your next interview.Stick to Work Stories, Not Personal StoriesThe answer is not to talk about your leisure activities, no matter how interesting, but to script yourself an answer that is both true and tailor-made to the job you’re interviewing for. Figure out, based on the company and job description, what that company seems to prioritize, how you are particularly suited to deliver , and why you are valuable in this respect.Then, draw on any of several possible pieces of your own experience to make your answer: your background, your past experience, your specific skills- hard or soft, your personality, your in-depth knowledge of the brand or industry, your involvement in issues beyond the office, and, yes, even a few things about you personally that can be peppered in for extra emphasis.Prep Beforehand With Talking PointsIf you’re stuck, make a list of personality traits or skills that show you best and most accurately. Of that list, pick the things that seem to link up best with the particular focus of the job description. Then start scripting.Choose specifics. Instead of saying, â€Å"I’m a fast learner† or â€Å"I am reliable,† find a way to cram more convincing detail into your answer. As in: â€Å"I really hit the ground running and can handle almost anything that’s thrown at me and get up to speed fast.† Beef it up. Really sell yourself. The more specific the better.Why are You and You Alone Perfect for the Job?Remember, the trick is to make yourself memorable. Stand out from all the other answers from other interviewees. Find something tangible that you can deliver, that’s exactly what they’re asking for on paper- then broaden it out with a few personal flourishes that make you the unique candidate. When in doubt, focus less on the â€Å"uniqueness† aspect of this question, and more on the particular- or â€Å"unique† value you will bring to this and other jobs.

Internaltion Political Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internaltion Political Topic - Essay Example What is a terrorist and how does one define terrorism? The age old adage that â€Å"one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter† (Bergesen & Lizardo 2004) rings true and the term terrorist has been notoriously difficult to define. Seeking to address the difficult definitional questions surrounding these terms, this essay will compare and contrast definitions offered by scholars at the forefront in the study of the terrorist phenomenon. Despite the definitional challenges surrounding the terrorist phenomenon, a definition of â€Å"terrorism† is integral and this term must be defined so as to provide our theoretical basis. Bruce Hoffman, world renowned terror scholar and expert of the use of terror as a political tool, understands the slippery nature of defining the term and argues that first and foremost, terrorism is a political concept. Secondly, terror is about power and the use of this power to enact political change (Hoffman 2007). Another pro minent international terror theorist, Gà ©rard Chaliand, argues that terror is a tool which targets the mind. From this perspective, terror is â€Å"the most violent form of psychological warfare† (Chaliand et al. 1999) and terrorism is a means to power and control through violent means. While both of these definitions shed insight into the terrorist phenomenon, Dr. Mia Bloom, the world’s foremost expert on the suicide terror phenomenon, defines terrorism in a different fashion. According to Bloom, terrorism is â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetuated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience† (Bloom 2005). Taken together, all of these definitions are comprehensive enough to guide this essay and complement our analysis of the global terrorist phenomenon. As has been thoroughly documented,

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Risk management - Essay Example Student lifestyle is a contributing factor in relation to hazards like smoke inhalation, burning. The fire fighting and rescue team also needs to have a contact with paramedical team to tackle this situation which requires quick action and thinking on their feet. The Fire & Rescue Service Act, 2004 has been developed keeping in mind the potential hazards that may occur in places like student accommodations and also other fire and hazard sensitive places. An integrated risk management plan if prepared at an early stage can help the fire and rescue team to prepare themselves better to tackle any fire related situation. Risk Management and potential hazards are common situation through out the world. Due to present day modernisation and changing lifestyle people are becoming more prone to hazards like fire, smoke inhalation, burns, and cuts in almost all the places including students’ accommodations. The safety and security of people at the distressed situation becomes an extremely difficult task for fire and rescue team. To tackle this scenario they have to be preparing themselves to tackle any kind of situation and also to save precious lives as much as they can. Potential hazards which can cause harm to people and to their belongings can be both caused by nature like earthquakes, floods, storms, forest fires, flash floods and also from non-natural sources like fire, electric related hazards like shock, falling of tiles from the roof, cuts, and accidents. The risks involved in all this hazards are different in nature so to tackle them there has to be contingency plan for each situation. Th e fire and service team maintains a philosophy in managing risks like they give importance to saving lives the most. Then they look to save property which can be saved after any hazard like scenario, they generally don’t risk their lives while saving the properties

Senior Project Vet Essay Example for Free

Senior Project Vet Essay For my first hour at the Huntington Beach Pet Vet, I was introduced to the building facility and to the employees working there. I met all of the veterinarians there including Dr. Naito, Dr. Bennington and Dr. Munson. When taking a tour around the building, I got a tour of the consultation room, which is where pet owners take their pets for a doctor’s evaluation. Another room they showed me was the boarding room. The boarding room is a room designed to house dogs while their owners are away. After walking around a little more, I was guided into the surgery room where surgeries are performed on animals. After speaking with the vets I asked them what safety procedures I must follow and asked what qualifications you must meet in order to become a licensed vet. Hour 2 For the second hour I was able to observe the whole process in taking your pet to the vet. First the pet owners walk into the building and are welcomed by a lady working at the front desk. Her job is to greet the patients and make sure they sign in on the waiting list. Once the pet owners sign in they wait in the lobby for 5-10 minutes before being called in by other staff. The job of the staff is to go on the computer database and make sure they have all of the information of the pet including insurance, vaccinations etc. Once this step is complete the pet is then transported over to the evaluation room. There the doctor checks the pets weight, temperature and examines the pet to make sure nothing out of the ordinary is wrong. After the doctor is finished with the evaluation, the pet is then transported to the general treatment center where the staff and doctors work together to get tasks like vaccinations, and dental cleaning done. Since the vets don’t know every thing that could be wrong with an animal, they always refer to a medical dictionary that gives them all the information they need. Hour 3 For the 3rd hour I was taken to the boarding room to take care of the animals left by their owners. There I came across a bunch of dogs and cats of different species. When I was in the boarding room I was given instructions on how to feed certain dogs based on their owners instructions. I also gave some dogs medication and learned about the various treatments that can be given when they sustain a specific injury or sickness. In some occasions when certain pets lose their owners, the Vet clinic picks them up and places them in the boarding rooms. Once there, they are either put up for adoption, or are kept by the veterinarians. Hour 4 The 4th hour I was there I got a glimpse of a dog that was believed to have a tumor on its stomach and near its tail. After talking to the vet, I was explained that the tumor could become cancerous if not treated properly. After examining it, the vet told me that it was indeed a tumor and the right step to do is to get it removed before it spread elsewhere. But before any surgery, the doctor needs to have verification from the owner before proceeding in any type of procedure. Once all liability forms and paper work are completed, the doctor has permission to treat the dog. Hour 5 During my 5th hour there, the owner filled out the paperwork, once everything was completed, the dog was ready to be prepped for surgery. The doctor introduced me to the vet technician who normally preps animals for surgery and showed me the steps in prepping a dog for surgery. First I put the dog on a scale to measure its weight to get the appropriate amount of sedative. Then the vet technician injected the sedative and put a gas mask that gives the dog anesthesia to make sure it falls asleep completely. Once the dog was completely asleep, I got the chance to clean the area around the tumor by shaving the fur so it wouldn’t get in the way of anything. Once the area around the tumor was shaved, the vet tech placed a reddish iodine based liquid in the area to prevent infection during surgery. Hour 6 Now that the dog was completely ready for surgery, it was time to wheel him over to the surgery room. Since being in the surgery room requires you to go through a whole liability process, I could only watch the 1st surgery from outside of the room. Although I saw the surgery from outside the room, I had learned a lot of things that I had not known before. First the doctor used a scalpel to cut around the are a where the tumor was. Then she carefully removed the tumor and placed it in a soluble liquid for further examination. Once the surgery was completed and the tumor was removed, I got an opportunity to watch the doctor stitch the dog’s incision. The most difficult part of this surgery was probably the stitching because you need to make sure the wound is covered up completely to prevent infection. The dog was then wheeled over to a cage where they recover and rest until the anesthesia wears off. Any animal that has just come off of surgery has to be given medications, because like humans, animals feel pain after a surgery. Hour 7 Once the dog started waking up from the surgery, you could tell that a minimum amount of anesthesia was still circulating through its body because it would wake up and daze back to sleep. To make sure every animal gets proper medication and treatment after surgery, the veterinarian places a manila folder outside the cage that contains all the paperwork of the pet with specific instructions for proper care. In the general treatment center, there’s a fully written out schedule that has everything from appointments, surgeries, groomings, and dental cleanings to make sure everyone is on the same page. Although there’s a schedule already made, emergencies and walk-ins are always welcome. When I further examined the schedule, I noticed that it was time for a dog to get neutered. Hour 8 Once the dog came in for its appropriate surgery time, the dog was given anesthesia and not a sedative because there is no need to do so for a simple surgery. After the dog was completely passed out from the anesthesia, the area around the testicles were completely shaved and covered with the iodine-based liquid. Then the dog was wheeled over to the surgery room to begin the neutering process. First the vet made a tiny incision in the center of the testicles and began cutting around the various layers of skin to properly remove the testicles. Now that the testicles were removed and disposed, the doctor tied the vas deferens together and stitched up the scrotum. Since this was a simple surgery, the dog was given no pain medication because unlike the dog that had the tumors, the incision was minor and required no further care. Hour 9 For the 9th hour at the pet vet, Dr. Munson took me to the x-ray room to further analyze some x-rays he had taken earlier. The first x-ray he showed me was of a dog that had broken its leg. He pointed out and explained to me the type of fracture the dog had suffered and the steps it took to repair the leg. When viewing the x-ray, you can see a white rod going through the dog’s femur. He explained to me that it wasn’t actually a rod, but a pin that is hammered down the center of the bone to add support to the bone so it can heal properly. He then showed me an x-ray of a dog that had come in with a possible esophagus problem and had experienced vomiting. The doctor couldn’t figure out what was wrong with the dog. Even with the x-rays, there were no specific signs that gave Dr. Munson a clear idea to what was wrong with the dog. After he showed me more x-rays, I noticed a weird colored substance in the dog’s stomach. He explained to me that he had given the dog some barium to highlight anything abnormal within the dog. Although the barium had not fully spread throughout the dog’s body, Dr. Munson assured me that once it did spread, he would know what was wrong with the dog. Hour 10 I spent the last hour helping the Dr. Munson analyzing microorganisms through a telescope. He showed me various viruses that could potentially harm an animal and showed me a ringworm specimen that he had extracted from a feline earlier that day. I spent my last moments at the Pet vet interviewing Dr. Munson. When I asked him why he decided to become a vet, he simply answered because animals fascinated him. He then told me his life story about studying veterinary science in Minnesota and how he owned his own practice. Although in order to become a vet you must go to school for the same amount of years as a regular doctor, Dr. Munson emphasized that a person has to study what they truly have a passion for. When I asked him what the hardest part of his job was, he answered when you have to put an animal down. The reason why is because sometimes pet owners don’t have the sufficient money to pay for treatment of their pet and sometimes have to resort to putting the animal to sleep. Even though the doctor has the ability to fix whatever is wrong, the owners always have the final decision when it comes down to their pet. After talking with Dr. Munson for a while, he gave me some tips that I can use in life. He told me that when you pursue a career, you must do the best you can to get some experience in that field because when trying to get a job in that area of study, employers prefer people with experience than to someone with no experience. After overlooking the 10 hours I spent at the Pet Vet, I can say that I gained a ton of knowledge and experience that will get me prepared for the field of study I decide to pursue.

Environmental Economics Essay -- Environment, Renewable Energy

Introduction With the rampant deterioration of the environment taking place, panic striking and scandalizing environmental issues like global warming and greenhouse effect making banner headlines in our news papers and bulletins. Entire world is busy in devising energy reforms that can save the planet from plunging deep into the pit of destruction and catastrophe. In order to counter the looming energy crisis that is engulfing the world, research scientists all over the world are busy brainstorming their ageing heads in order to devise reliable energy systems, which can prove effective in resolving environmental disasters. (Costanza, 1991) In order to achieve this objective, substantial progress has been made in the form of accentuating greater usage for energy production and consumption by making use of renewable energy resources which do not undergo exhaustion unlike conventional resources of energy such as coal, oil and natural gas. Another reason due to which the significance of renewable resources has reached unprecedented levels is the economic feasibility involved and it is due to this importance a new discipline of environmental economics has invaded the ecological mainstream this century. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research the environmental economics is the science of empirical and theoretical studies which studies the effect of ‘national or local environmental policies around the world’ it further deals with the economic aspects of environmental policies through cost benefit analysis and ways to counter the rising threat of air pollution, global warming and water quality. As said earlier, progress on the development and the subsequent extraction of energy benefits from such resources is in pro... ...ncy than gasoline. (Sorenson 2005) References Kosltad D. Charles ‘Environmental Economics’ Second Edition, 2010 Vegiroglu T. Nejat, Schur, Dmitry ‘Hydrogen Material Science and Carbon Nanomaterials’ Kluwer Academic 2004 Freudenberger, Richard ‘Alcohol: A guide to making Ethanol a Renewable Fuel’ Aztext Press 2009 Sorenson, Bent ‘Hydroegn and Fuel Cells: Emerging Technologies and Applications’ Academic Press 2005 Costanza, Robert ‘Ecological Economies: the Science and Management of Sustainability’ Columbia University Press 1991 Olah A. George, Goeppert Alain, Surya.G.K ‘Beyond Oil and Gas: the Methanol Economy’ Wiley-VCH 2009 Mathew, Sathyajit ‘Wind Energy: Fundamentals, resource analysis and economics’ Birkhauser 2006 Beene, John ‘Nickel Beta decay as driver for LENR’ 8 June 2010 http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg39328.html

Excellence Is Not an Accomplishment

Topic No. 1: Excellence is not an accomplishment. It is a spirit, a never-ending process. A very famous line by Lawrence M. Miller. In order to develop excellence as a leader we must be willing to acknowledge that developing it is not an accomplishment – it's a never-ending process. It's a process full of many awesome moments and many lonely days. It's fun and exciting one day and then the next day we wonder why we ever wanted to lead in the first place. Many of us secretly fantasize about being a greeter at Walmart or on any other platform .Being a leader isn't easy – it requires commitment for the long haul. It's not something we can just accomplish and then move on. Being a leader requires hard work, sacrifice, commitment and a willingness to grow ourselves. The leaders I admire most are the ones who give selflessly of themselves and make personal development a priority. I can not give of myself as I leader if I do not first take care of myself. Great leaders balance personal development and organizational development.Both are important and one without the other does not work. As I have observed great leaders, I find they all have some things in common. â€Å"Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren't used to an environment where excellence is expected. † ~ Steve Jobs Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. ~ Aristotle

Description of my visit to cemetery

The cemetery visit causes eerie feelings of stillness and uneasiness. 1. It is very quiet, serene, peaceful and absolutely still, except for birds chirping all around me. 2. I made sure that I visited during the daylight hours when the sun was indeed shining brightly: displaying brilliant beauty and dispelling any shadows as I walked on tiptoes it seems. -I am very afraid to visit the gravesite after sunset hours. I do not like dark shadows or anything that is mysterious or makes me feel queasy and uneasy. -The gravesites all around are flat for the most part, with a few mounds of earth and head stones. -The entire place is not even called a cemetery or gravesite, but it is known as a memorial garden. It does seem far more pleasant to me to visit and explore a memorial garden instead of a cemetery. When I hear the word garden connected to anything I think of doing fun things, of flowers, the green blossoms and the springtime buds and joyful memories. I think of vegetables and fruits growing on a plot of ground. I think of well-manicured lawns carpeted by rich, healthy green grass. I think of produce I can harvest from the earth, wash off and eat right away. 4.  Ã‚   My cemetery visit is pleasant and exciting simply because of the weather and the environment I encounter at the site and it is daytime and the light everywhere is very bright. The grounds are also immaculate and blossoming. The whole of nature seems to be at peace everywhere. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most gravesites have names on them with very pretty collections of flowers and floral arrangements atop the ground. I cannot help but notice the green grass is flourishing well — healthy well-fed and quite inviting. A few other visitors stroll through the garden thoughtfully, mincing and watching their every step, apparently out of respect for the dead buried there. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I also notice a few crystal white gazebos scattered throughout the garden where visitors can sit in order to reflect and meditate. Indeed flowers and perennials surround their white lattice work of wood with intricate and striking designs. Everything seems to have been made to encourage reverence and awe. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though very beautiful and still and quiet, the gravesite environment causes me inevitably to think of my life, to think about death itself — what it is and why it is. I really wonder where all of those people went whose remains are buried beneath the cemetery dirt. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire scene also makes me think of my own mortality. How very fragile and transient human beings really are. â€Å"Here today and gone tomorrow† is a commonly spoken folk phrase that reminds me of how we must really take care of ourselves and live our lives as long and as rich as we can. The gravesite makes me think of the beauties of life that I possess now. Its joys and its many opportunities are incomparable. I certainly do not plan or wish to die now. I want to live as long as I can. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cemetery visit also forces me to think of my own passage into the other realm, into oblivion. What shall it be like it? I really wonder and have wondered for some time, now. What is

EMERGING MARKETS essays

EMERGING MARKETS essays Abstract: Focuses on the United States government's policy on the Big Emerging Markets (BEM), which include the Chinese Economic Area, South Korea, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. BEMs' investment on infrastructure projects; BEM's share of global gross domestic product; Projected increases in world imports; Lessons learned from the BEM strategy. THE BIG EMERGING MARKETS During his tenure as Under Secretary of Commerce, the author was one of the architects of the Clinton administration's Big Emerging Markets policy under Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown. He is now dean of the Yale School of Management. The Clinton policy emerged out of a growing conviction that some ten markets will account for the overwhelming growth potential in world imports, not to mention commensurate growth in economic and political influence around the world. These markets include, in Asianthe Chinese Economic Area (China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), South Korea, Indonesia and India; in AfricaSouth Africa; in Central EuropePoland and Turkey; and in Latin America Mexico,Brazil and Argentina. The administration concluded that, because many of these countries still have important state sectors, and because virtually all are focusing heavily on infrastructure projects that demand the involvement of local governments, U.S. companies need the U.S. government at their side to win a fair hearing. What is more, because of the intensity of foreign competition and the capital demands on these countries, international competitors will be public/private partnerships in which foreign governments provide concessionary financing and aggressive advocacy to support their companies' efforts. During the first year of the Clinton administration, a good deal of analysis was conducted to answer the questions, "If we look toward the next century, where will we f...

How to Make Font Size Bigger or Smaller on Your Screen

How to Make Font Size Bigger or Smaller on Your Screen When you encounter a screen with a font thats too small, you can easily adjust it with a few keyboard shortcuts, your browser, or settings within your computer. The steps you take vary depending on what kind of computer you are using, a Mac or PC. Both types of computers allow you to quickly change font size, but the keys you need to hit are different. Keyboard Shortcut for Zoom If youre using a PC, hold down the Ctrl key while also tapping the or - key. Youll find the Ctrl (which means control) key on the lower left-hand part of the keyboard to zoom in and out. The   and - keys are located near the top right-hand corner of the keyboard. These actions trigger a zoom function, that lets you enlarge the screen youre viewing (the sign) or zoom out using the - key. On a Mac, the function is similar, except youll use the Command key with the or - keys. The Command key usually says Command on it and displays a symbol such as âÅ'Ëœ. Youll find it toward the bottom  left corner  of the keyboard. The and - keys are near the top right-hand corner of the keyboard, similar to the configuration for the PC. The zoom functions work across a variety of platforms, including browsers and various software such as Microsoft Word and Adobe Creative Suite products. Windows Change Font Size Buttons You can also change the font size on your computer by using software commands. To change the font on your desktop or folders in Windows 10, Windows Central  describes the process: Right-click on your  desktop and select Display settings.Use the slider to change the size of the text. If you want to temporarily enlarge a portion of the screen, use the built-in magnifier, notes Windows Central. You can  quickly  open it by using the keyboard shortcut  Windows key and the plus sign ()  to zoom in and minus sign (-) to zoom out. Use  Windows key and Esc  to exit the magnifier. Mac Font Size Changes In order to increase the font size on your Mac, you can lower your  computers resolution, change the size of the desktop icons, and increase the size of a sidebar size. From the main Apple menu, select System Preferences.Choose the Displays Menu.Choose the scaled button in the Resolution area.In the next window, select a lower resolution size. You can also change the font size for desktop icons by right-clicking on your desktop and choosing Show View Options. In the window that pops up, youll see options for icon size, grid spacing, text size, and label position. Use these controls to alter your screen view until it meets your needs. Browser Font Adjustment You can also adjust the font size in your browser: Firefox: Select tools - options - content - font, and color. Here, you can change the default font size for the browser. Note that some websites have their font size set and the browser can’t always change it.Safari: From the Safari menu, choose Preferences. Under the advanced tab look for the accessibility section and click the button for Never use font sizes smaller than and choose the font size that best meets your needs.Internet Explorer: Select menu - view - text size. Or, depending on the version, there may be a slider in the bottom right corner you can move to increase the page size, much like zoom.Google Chrome: From the Chrome menu, choose Preferences. This will open a settings window. Scroll down to the Appearance section, find the font size drop-down menu and choose your font size, which ranges from very small to very large. Source Guim, Mark. How to make text, apps, and other items bigger in Windows 10. Windows Central, August 18, 2015.

Formation of Isoamyl Acetate Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Formation of Isoamyl Acetate - Lab Report Example During reflux a colour change from colourless to slight yellow was observed. After 15 minute reflux the mixture was allowed to cool and 1M sodium hydroxide solution was used for the neutralisation. Strong banana smell was detected. To the obtained solution a portion of diethyl ether was added. As two layers formed, sparatory funnel was used to remove the diethyl ether layer. Extraction was conducted several times after which all the produced diethyl ether layers were combined, dried and heated until all diethyl layer evaporated. The described manipulations afforded 1.52 g. of isoamyl ester (25.42%). It is expected that the boiling point of isoamyl acetate will be 1420C, however this temperature will be lower of traces of diethyl ether remained. Regarding IR results, it is expected that there will be no signals in the region 3000-4000 cm-1. If there are then traces of acetic acid or alcohol remained in the product. Also, characteristic signals in the region 1500-2000 cm-1 should point out to the presence of C=O group. The fingerprint region should be compared with the isoamyl acetate spectrum from the database (Clayden, et al.,

MICROECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MICROECONOMIC - Essay Example For the person who smokes cigarettes, it is a good commodity. Hence, the Price Consumption curve would be downward sloping one as in the figure above. But the slope will be a flat one because although the price goes up, the consumption does not get reduced at the same rate. Answer 2 The difference between a young smoker and an adult smoker is that the former can reduce the level of smoking as it is not a habitual activity for him hence cigarettes will be treated as a normal good for him. So when the price of the cigarette increases the young consumer can reduce the consumption. Hence the demand curve would be an elastic one (Gottheil, 2013, p.101). On the other hand, for an adult smoker cigarette consumption would not vary with changes in the prices because it would be an addiction for him and hence even if the price is high he would not be able to reduce the consumption of cigarettes. The demand for cigarettes for an adult would be inelastic. In the above figure, the producers of ci garettes face a perfectly inelastic demand curve from the adult smokers but a relatively more elastic demand curve from the young smokers. Now if the price of Cigarette increases the adult smokers will continue to buy the amount Qa but the young ones would adjust their consumption as per the prices. Since the quantity demanded of cigarette decreases for the young smokers, the demand for other good increases. But this does not happen in case of the adult smokers. Whatever be the prices of the cigarettes, they will continue consumption of the same amount .Hence the demand for other goods will remain constant or increase marginally. The above graph applies for the young smokers whose demand fluctuates with the changes in the prices. The initial demand for cigarettes is Q1 and the price is P1. The initial demand curve for other goods was D1. Now due to increase in the prices, the new quantity demanded would be less amount i.e. Q2. Thus the demand for other goods increases to D2. This ch ange does not happen for an adult smoker. He does not change the quantity and is ready to pay the price differential. Thus the demand curve for other goods remains constant. Answer 3 Though tobacco as an addictive consumption cannot be explained by the general economics laws of demand and supply, it has to be kept in mind that there are social costs as well as time costs associated with the continuous use of tobacco. Economic Research has provided evidence of the fact that the demand for cigarettes does decrease with an increase in the prices of cigarettes (McGowan, 1995, p.113). The income levels of the individual smoker also have an effect on the demand for cigarettes. Studies across the world has shown that the demand due to an increase in the prices of cigarettes have fluctuated more in the underdeveloped countries than in the developed countries. This proves that the people of these countries are more price sensitive than their developed counterparts. But addiction of cigarette happens irrespective of the level of income hence an increase in the tax rate may appear to be regressive because it may affect the poorer segment of the population. The consumption habits of the past also influence the consumption habits of the future. Hence the people who have a record of consuming cigarettes more in the past tend to consume even more in the future. Thus if anti

Read an article and respond to the prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read an article and respond to the prompt - Essay Example Additionally, individuals with low economic status worked for more hours as compared to individuals with a higher economic status. In 1965, individuals with a college education and a high level of income spent more hours relaxing as compared to individuals with only a high school education. This trend changed towards the end of the twentieth century. According to the Economist "By 2005, the college-educated had eight hours less of it a week than the high-school grads". This postulation is supported by a methodical investigation conducted by the American Time Use Survey that proved that individuals with atleast college education in the US spend an additional two hours daily in their work stations as compared to those with high school education. This change has been contributed by a number of reasons. Educated individuals have been earning more today as compared to what they earned three decades ago. Therefore, these individuals tend to lose more money when vacationing as compared to what they could lose in the twentieth century. In todays job market, income is dependent on input in terms of working hours. Through my observation of others, it is worth positing that the advancement of technology has led to significant changes in peoples experiences of leisure. Enjoying oneself today does not necessarily mean going for a vacation anymore. People prefer watching a movie at home with friends and family during weekends rather than vacationing far away from home. In my opinion, this explanation of the shift is valid. Well learned individuals tend to have a higher level of income. Subsequently, these individuals are also in management positions and hence they are given supervisory roles in organizations. This means that they must spend extra hours in the office going through all reports from every department as they are accountable for every activity within organizations. This translates to spending less time relaxing. Conditions in the

Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) Origin and Features

Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) Origin and Features Leandri Venteru Mid- African Rift: Is there a geographical/spatial control on the nature of volcanism in Cameroon? Essay Volcanism in Cameroon occurs mainly on the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), with the largest and most active volcano being Mount Cameroon (Fitton, 1980). The CVL, representing alkaline volcanoes, shows an easy recognisable Y-shape, with volcanic centres in both the oceanic and continental sectors of the African plate (Fitton Dunlop, 1985). Consensus regarding the driving forces of these volcanoes has yet to be reached. However, a wide variety of theories and hypotheses addressing the origin and nature of the CVL have been published over the last few decades. The CVL is a 1600km long magmatic sequence, stretching from Pagalu Island in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to Lank Chad on the main land of Cameroon on the western African continent (Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). Geographically the CVL is situated almost parallel to the Benue Trough, and follows the length of the Ngaoundà ©rà © Fault (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). The northern limb of the CVL overlaps with the Chad rift, which marks the northern rift of the Benue Trough (Fitton, 1980). Although volcanism is still active along the CVL is it not a neogene feature and has been active since the beginning of the Tertiary period. The rocks from the CVL are classified as mainly alkaline, intermediate and felsic. The felsic and basaltic lavas increase inlands towards the branches of the CVL in a volumetric ratio (Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). One of Africa’s largest volcanoes, Mount Cameroon, is a volcanic horst, with an approximate height of 4075m. T he volcano of Mount Cameroon is the most active volcano on the CVL. The latest eruption of Mount Cameroon was in the year 2000 (Herrero-Bervera et al. 2004). Scientists tried various methods over the years in an attempt to clarify the origin and dynamics of the CVL. During the 1980’s Fitton (1980) proposed a simple model to explain the geological features of the CVL. Fitton (1980) noted that although there is no evidence for rift faulting there are signs of regional uplift of the basin. The continental sector of the CVL is characterized by strato-volcanoes (Mount Cameroon), central volcanic massifs and even calderas in some areas. Collapsed plains filled by sediments, single magnetic volcanoes and flood basalts ( Ngaoundà ©rà © Plateau) are also prominent on the continental sector (Nkouathio et al. 2008). The volcanism is not influenced by fractures, which existed before the volcanism in the basement (Fitton, 1980). The origin of the CVL is explained by hand of the striking relationship between the CVL and the Benue Trough features. Fitton (1980) suggested that the CVL and the Benue Trough are superimposed by rotating one feature by 7 ° in relation to the other, about an axis. The axis is described to run with a north eastern strike into the country of Sudan. The reason for the relative rotation of the CVL and the Benue Trough is speculated to be as a result of the clockwise rotation of Africa (ca. 80Ma – 65Ma) (Fitton, 1980). This clockwise rotation might provide evidence for three features. Firstly, on the origin, the size and Y-shaped geometry of the CVL, secondly the rotation might support reason for the absence of recent volcanism in the Benue Trough. Thirdly, the rotational theory might provide evidence for the folding of the Benue Trough sediments. There were some speculations that the volcanism presently active in the CVL was once active in the Benue Trough. If the volcanic line had migrated from the Benue Though to its current position a systematic migration of a hot-spot is implied. Ngako et al. (2006) used remote sensing data as proposed by Moreau et al. (1987) to suggest that the relati onship between stress regimes and intraplate alkaline magmatism in the CVL is controlled by lithospheric structures. Ubangoh et al. (2005) argued that the presence of numerous recent volcanic cones and craters along the CVL is an indication of a strong geothermal gradient beneath the volcanic line, although there are no data that proves an increased supply of heat. By using a geochemical study on the basaltic rocks of the CVL and a K-Ar dating programme, Fitton and Dunlop (1985) searched for evidence to prove a systematic migration of the CVL volcanoes. Since the CVL is situated in such a unique geological setting, Fitton and Dunlop (1985) reasoned that they can determine the source of the CVL magmas by comparing the isotopic ratios of alkali basalts on the oceanic sector with the isotopic data of the alkali basalts on the continental sector of the volcanic line. Fitton and Dunlop have found that both the major element compositions as well as the isotopic ratios are indistinguishable when comparing the oceanic and continental sectors. What the K-Ar data did prove was that multiple volcanoes were ac tive along the line in more or less the same time period. When Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) compared the ages of the oceanic sector volcanoes, they found that there is a consistency between the rotation of the Cretaceous African plate (Fitton, 1980) and the ages of the earlier exposed rocks on the islands. The ages of the early exposed lavas decrease from the continental side towards the ocean, placing Principe at 31Ma and Pagalu at 4.8Ma. The systematic age decrease of the islands support the mantle plume model for the oceanic sector of the CVL, but does not include the continental sector. Other causes of volcanism, such as rift faulting and pre-existing basement fractures were at first discarded due to failure to collect supportive evidence. The volcanoes on the ocean floor showed no changes due to the faults they passes through, thus one can assume that the source of these volcanoes are from mantle processes and is not affected by structures occurring in the crust (Fitton, 1980).Research based on the age and chemistry of the CVL basalts, indicated that the CVL is a young rift associated with the Benue Trough rather than a hot-spot trail. The depth at which a volcano is tapping its magma can be determined by the radioactive decay of helium isotopes in crustal rock (Aka, et al. 2003). Helium serves as a geochemical tracer that could be used to investigate the alteration of magma over a period of time. It is generally accepted that ocean island basalts (OIB) show a wide range of 3He/4He (Zindler Hart, 1986) and that 3He/4He ratios from mid ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are uniform (Graham et al. 1992a). The 3He/4He ratio of the CVL ranges from 3.05Ra to 8.31Ra. Hotspots in general have much higher 3He/4He ratios (Hilton et al. 1999). Aka et al. (2003) was the first to identify that the distribution of the 3He/4He ratios on the CVL could be due to spatial control, and suggested that the helium isotopic distribution an essential characteristic of the CVL is. These findings are argued as prove that the CVL volcanoes doesn’t tap their material directly from hotspots. Aka et al. (2003) is further backed up by work Fitto n and Dunlop (1985) did on K-Ar dating and the consistency to the Pb-isotope model proposed by Halliday et al. (1990).The above mentioned data and the long-lasting volcanism of the CVL volcanoes supports the conclusion reached by Fitton and Dunlop (1985) that the magma driving the volcanoes on the continental sector could not originate from a deep mantle source. Therefore the CVL shows no evidence of a mantle plume in the continental sector, but rather signatures convection of the upper mantle (Fitton Dunlop, 1985). 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios showed a slight decrease to either sides of the volcanic line from the centred volcano, Mt. Cameroon, which lies on the lithospheric continental-oceanic boundary (COB) (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Basalts from the COB volcanoes, such as Mount Cameroon and Mount Etinde are more radiogenic with 206Pb/204Pb ratios of approximately 20.52 and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 40.34 (Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). The Pb ratios of the COB volcanoes show a strong contrast to the lower radiogenic ratios of the island volcanoes. Basalts from the island located far south from the COB, Pagalu Island, have the lowest 206Pb/204Pb ratio of 19.01 and a 208Pb/204Pb ratio of 38.83. The Pb isotope data proves that there occurred no consistent major change in the magma over a period of time. The Nd and Sr isotopes of the basalts from both the continental and oceanic regions are similar in composition. The resemblance of the geochemical and isotopic data be tween oceanic and continental basalts provide evidence that the source and composition of the magma was not influenced by the continental crust, and therefore, the magma does not originate from the lithosphere (Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). The magma, as speculated by Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), originate from a sub-lithospheric source, because of the similar compositions of the oceanic and continental magmas. Nkouathio et al. (2008) argued that since the lavas of the entire CVL have a shallow asthensopheric mantle source a depleted MORB mantle and a metasomatosed mantle, the alkaline lavas are consistent with the asthensopheric upwelling of a hot-spot. Halliday et al. (1990) argued that the isotopic decreases could infer re-melting of an enriched mantle plume located beneath the COB. Halliday further argues that the plume possibly shifted (from its position underneath the Benue Trough) to its current location during the continental breakup between the African an d South American plates as well as the rotation of the cooler lithosphere relative to the asthenosphere (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) made it clear that although the isotopic data supports the mantle plume theory, the mantle plume is only a part of the explanation of a more complex volcanic setting. Detailed isotopic data demonstrated that many theories proposed in the past were too inconsistent to explain the origin of the CVL. The data includes many classical theories, however only three will be mentioned. Firstly, the reactivation of the Ngaoundere fault which in turn caused the volcanism on the CVL (Moreau et al. 1987). A second classical theory involves membrane tectonics which produced the extensional CVL feature (Freeth, 1979). Thirdly, it is suggested that the various active volcanic centres are inconsistent with the ‘textbook’ model of hotspots (Fitton Dunlop, 1985), (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997).Keeping the above mentioned theories in mind, Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) used a ‘technique of inductively coupled plasma magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry’ (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997 pp 111)to acquire new data. From the data Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) concluded that the CVL does not show a mentionable dif ference in Hf and Nd isotopic compositions in neither the continental margin nor in the oceanic sectors. However, a very significant difference in Pb and Sr isotopic compositions were detected (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). The consistent Hf and Nd isotopic compositions in the ocean island basalts (OIB) are indicative of a similar behaviour of the Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf parent-daughter ratios in the source of the OIB (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Further, the continental sector shows a similar Hf-isotopic make-up than the oceanic sector. Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), argued that the distinct variability in the Pb isotopic composition can be explained by the recycling of the oceanic crust, since Pb and Sr have increased mobility in the oceanic lithosphere. Kamgang et al. (2008) used a more localized approach, by investigating the geochemical isotopic data of the Bamenda Mountains in Cameroon. Since the previous isotopic studies performed by Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), focussed on the entire CVL, Kamgang et al. (2008) proposed a ‘zoomed in’ investigation by focussing on one area of the CVL and try to explain the origin of the magma in that area. Kamgang et al. (2008) performed geochemical and geochronological studies of the mafic rocks from the Bamenda Mountains. His aim was to gain a better perspective of the composition of the CVL magma source. K-Ar dating performed on older, crust contaminated, samples of the CVL showed no systematic variation over time. However, insight on the chemical composition of the mantle source of magma is provided by the high Eu, Sr and Ba concentrations (Kamgang et al. 2008). The high concentrations are not a result of crustal contamination, because these concentrations do not correlat e to the Sr and Nd isotopic compostitions or the MgO contents or the La/Nb ratios of the rocks. Kamgang et al. (2008) suggested that these high concentrations rather have to do with the composition of the magma origin. The major element composition shows consistency with fractional crystallization processes. Sr and Nd isotopic values of the Bamenda Mountains coincide with the isotopic data published by Ballentine, Lee and Halliday in 1997. Kamgang et al. (2008) pointed out that the positive correlations observed between the Pb and Nd isotopic ratios and the negative Pb/ Sr isotopic correlation indicate either contamination by the continental crust (Ngounouno, Dà ©ruelle Demaiffe, 2000) or the effect of an enriched lithospheric mantle (Rankenburg, Lassiter Brey, 2005)( Kamgang et al,2008). Structural causes of volcanism have been discarded due to failure to prove structural influences with supportive evidence. There are three main structural units present in the Pan- African basement, namely shear zones, fold zones and thrust zones from which the shear zones indicating lithospheric faults stands out (Ngako et al. 2006).The volcanoes on the ocean floor show no changes due to the faults they passes through, thus one can assume that the source of these volcanoes are from mantle processes and is not affected by structures occurring in the crust (Fitton, 1980). It was also speculated that the CVL is rather a young rift associated with the Benue Trough. Nkouathio et al. (2008) suggested that the CVL is an alternating structure consisting of horsts and grabens. As a large shear zone, the CVL is structurally subdivided by a sequence of faults indicative of an alternating horst and graben system (Nkouathio et al. 2008). Considering other tectonic models, Ngako et al. (2006) suggested that the magmatism of the CVL is a complex interaction of multiple mantle plumes and fractures in the lithosphere. Ngako et al. (2006) further speculate that the complex interaction may cause the new magmatic complexes to be diagonally aligned. By expanding the study area form only the CVL to other large scale magmatic provinces on the African continental plate, Ngako et al. (2006) tries to illustrate a complex interaction between hotspots and Precambrian faults. The aim is to provide alternative explanations to classical hotspot models. Ngako et al. (2006) used three provinces, namely the Niger- Nigeria super province (Plaeozoic to Mesozoic era), the Benue Trough (Cretaceous period) and the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Cenozoic era to present) to prove a time-space migration of the West-Central African alkaline magmatism. The ages of rocks sampled, decrease from the northern Niger- Nigeria province southwards through the Be nue Trough to the CVL. The decreasing age of the plutonic provinces may suggest an interaction between tectonics and a hotspot system. Ngako et al. (2006) noted that the crustal and elastic thickness of the lithosphere on the continental sector of the CVL is unusually thin. This lithospheric thinning is argued as a position of a hotspot. Nkouathio et al. (2008) suggested that the evolution of the CVL magmas could be explained by the pattern of tectonic stresses and volcanic structures. In contradiction, Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) suggested that the Y-shape of the CVL was unaffected by plate motions and therefore implies that the magma source is attached to the continent. Geophysical surveys performed on the crust of the CVL concluded that differentiation between the Pan-African belts and neither the structural features nor the thickness of the crust is possible (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). The crust underneath the CVL is very thin (ca. 35-39km) and the failure to distinguish between the Pan-African belts and the CVL indicates that the long period of magmatism (for approximately 70 Myr) on the CVL, has not have significant effects on the crust in the CVL region (Tokam et al. 2010). The absence of a seismic velocity anomaly at depths greater than ~300km, confirm the presence of the uniform mantle transition zone (Reusch et al. 2010)(Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) explored the buoyancy of the lithospheric origin, because the lithosphere is made up of depleted mantle material, relative to the asthenosphere as a basis for their experiment on lithospheric instabilities. Since the lithosphere is buoyant on the asthe nosphere, the system is in equilibrium. However, if the lithosphere would experience cooling from the top, a convective instability might be triggered (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). The latest trend is that researchers consider the CVL as a hot line tapping its resources from a sub-lithospheric mantle through openings in the lithosphere (Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). Crustal uplift in both continental and oceanic areas proposed by Meyers et al. (1998) contributes to the theory of lithospheric instability proved by Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) via laboratory experiments. Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) studied the lithospheric instability due to cooling from the crust downwards. The lithospheric instability is speculated to occur within the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The laboratory experiments performed by Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) were based on the principle that materials with a viscosity that is independent of temperature will react the same when cooling from either the top or the bottom was induced. A ‘continents’ were created by using different viscosity fluids and fixing certain variables. These experiment s, that’s been fully described and discussed by Milelli, focussed on the instabilities created at the continental margin. Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) documented that the buoyancy factor causes downwellings that eventually return to the surface. This cycle of downwellings and upwellings creates a stress regime where compressional stresses were identified at the downwellings and corresponding extentional stresses, creating rifting fractures, at the upwellings. Fracture patterns on the surface of the experimental ‘continent’ formed in a combination of hexagons and distorted squares (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). The conclusion of these experiments serve as proof that that continental lithospheric cooling can result in the geometrical Y-shape of the CVL, independent of the size and shape of the continental mass. Further proof is presented by Dà ©ruelle, Ngounouno and Demaiffe (2007) with supporting data on seismic and gravimetric surveys of the oceanic sec tion of the CVL.

New High-speed Connections Will Change How We Work And Play :: essays research papers

New High-Speed Connections Will Change How We Work and Play Online   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society is becoming ever more dependent on being electronically connected with every other part of the world. Worldwide communication and commerce are just two areas where people benefit from living in an information age. Using the Internet, business can be conducted from anywhere in the world, and you can even talk to get to know other people, anywhere in the world. These online activities became possible only very recently. Applications, that utilize the Internet, are being developed every day. However, because of the nature in which most of us are connected to the Internet, there are limitations to what we can do online. Nearly everyone connects to the Internet using an analog modem. To get online, we boot up our PC’s, and using our telephone line, dial in to our Internet Service Provider. Because telephone technology is much older than the Internet, there have been limitations to how fast data can travel over existing copper telephone lines. Using an analog modem, data is translated from its digital form to an analog signal, to travel over the telephone lines. Once it gets to its destination, the data is converted back into its digital form. Line noise is a result of data being transmitted as an analog signal. The FCC imposed limitations, decades ago, to minimize the amount of line noise that was allowed. This law was imposed long before the PC ever existed. However, it directly affects how fast we can access the Internet today, at speeds of only 53kbps. Even that connection speed is theoretical. Depending on the quality of the telephone lines that run into your home, your connection speed may not even come close to 53kbps. Despite having ever-faster computers, we are limited to what we can do online by these relatively low connection rates. To make online activities, such as ecommerce, virtual meetings, and video conferencing, truly practical we need faster connections to the Internet. Two competing technologies may offer an answer to the bandwidth problem. Cable Modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) both offer the speed that consumers want. Both technologies are also potentially more user-friendly because with either you do not dial-up to get connected, you are always online. You simply plug-in to the network, like you plug-in your toaster to an electrical outlet. Using a Cable Modem, you connect to the Internet through the existing Cable-TV lines. New High-speed Connections Will Change How We Work And Play :: essays research papers New High-Speed Connections Will Change How We Work and Play Online   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society is becoming ever more dependent on being electronically connected with every other part of the world. Worldwide communication and commerce are just two areas where people benefit from living in an information age. Using the Internet, business can be conducted from anywhere in the world, and you can even talk to get to know other people, anywhere in the world. These online activities became possible only very recently. Applications, that utilize the Internet, are being developed every day. However, because of the nature in which most of us are connected to the Internet, there are limitations to what we can do online. Nearly everyone connects to the Internet using an analog modem. To get online, we boot up our PC’s, and using our telephone line, dial in to our Internet Service Provider. Because telephone technology is much older than the Internet, there have been limitations to how fast data can travel over existing copper telephone lines. Using an analog modem, data is translated from its digital form to an analog signal, to travel over the telephone lines. Once it gets to its destination, the data is converted back into its digital form. Line noise is a result of data being transmitted as an analog signal. The FCC imposed limitations, decades ago, to minimize the amount of line noise that was allowed. This law was imposed long before the PC ever existed. However, it directly affects how fast we can access the Internet today, at speeds of only 53kbps. Even that connection speed is theoretical. Depending on the quality of the telephone lines that run into your home, your connection speed may not even come close to 53kbps. Despite having ever-faster computers, we are limited to what we can do online by these relatively low connection rates. To make online activities, such as ecommerce, virtual meetings, and video conferencing, truly practical we need faster connections to the Internet. Two competing technologies may offer an answer to the bandwidth problem. Cable Modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) both offer the speed that consumers want. Both technologies are also potentially more user-friendly because with either you do not dial-up to get connected, you are always online. You simply plug-in to the network, like you plug-in your toaster to an electrical outlet. Using a Cable Modem, you connect to the Internet through the existing Cable-TV lines.

New Zealand Families Today

RESEARCH PROJECT Women in later life who have chosen to remain voluntarily childfree what are the implications if any? 1. AIM The aim of the research is to explore the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree for women in later life within the New Plymouth district of New Zealand. 1. a. INTRODUCTION Within many Western industrialised societies there are notions that children provide fulfillment, give purpose and offset loneliness in later life. There are tales like the ‘Three Spinsters’ from the writers The Brothers Grimm which have contributed to the stereotypes of childless women as lonely, bitter and unfulfilled for decades. If children are necessary at preventing loneliness in older age there is concern in regards to the New Zealand population trend. The 2006 New Zealand census released reports that by 2016 one in four women will remain childless. The implications of the assumption that children are necessary for elderly wellbeing could mean that our ageing generations may be prone to loneliness. The changing demographics of our society combined with the findings that there is no research to date on voluntary childfree women in later life within New Zealand has amplified my interest in this research topic. My interest in this research proposal stems from my own position in life. I am a 35 year old Pakeha woman who has chosen to remain childfree. I have had many assumptions put forward to me in regards to my personal choice to remain voluntarily childfree. These are mainly aimed around the notion that I am destined for loneliness in later life and that I will be unfulfilled. Therefore I have made my position within this research proposal transparent as I acknowledge it is influential to my perspective when I undertake the research. Delwyn Field Page 2 The research proposal will outline the research methodology to be carried out. The research will be qualitative based on a feminist’s perspective, to provide knowledge of women issues, for women from women. The research will be guided by feminist ideology and explore the socially constructed norms of womanhood without motherhood. The data collection will be the use of storytelling which is fitting with qualitative research. The story telling process will enlighten the researcher on how the participants came to their chosen life path. This will be informative as the participants came from the eras of where motherhood and childbirth was predominately something that happened to women not chosen by women (Held, 1989, as cited in Riley, 2008). The participants for the research will be women who have chosen to remain childfree and they will be over the age of 65. The age range of 65 plus is described as late adulthood in human development lifespan theories (Berk, 2007). I have chosen this age criteria because critical social, emotional and developmental stages occur in this period of life which are broadly universal to most elderly (Berk, 2007). The research proposal will also be based on the New Plymouth district of New Zealand. The New Plymouth district consists of â€Å"New Plymouth and the towns of Waitara, Inglewood, Urenui, Okato, Bell Block, Oakura and many other smaller rural communities† (New Plymouth District Council, n. d. ). Within New Zealand there is no empirical research done on New Zealand voluntary childless women in smaller urban areas in later life, hence why the research will be conducted here. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review has minimal reference to New Zealand literature as there is a limited study on voluntary childfree persons within New Zealand. Therefore the majority of the literature relied on is sourced from Western industrialised countries. In 1997, Cameron investigated voluntary childless within New Zealand in her book Without Issue; New Zealanders who choose not to have children. The participants within Delwyn Field Page 3 the research were numerous and involved mostly the qualitative approach of telling their story (Cameron, 1997). One of the themes that was highlighted in Cameron’s (1997) study was the social perceptions of voluntary childfree persons; the assumption that they were unhappy, selfish, emotionally unstable, immature and LONELY. This assumption of lonely old women has fueled the myth that those who choose not to have children are going to be miserable in their later years (Cameron, 1997). This was a common theme uncovered in further literature. This stereotyped image of voluntary childfree as lonely and unfulfilled is still predominating in our society in the twenty first century. Riley in her 2008 Masters of Social Science in Psychology researched stereotyping of voluntary childfree couples within New Zealand. This qualitative study interviewed and held focus groups of ten couples, to delve into stereotypes, pressures and harassments of their chosen life path. One of the stereotypes that were identified was that they were â€Å"destined for loneliness in later life† (Riley, 2008, p. ii). Throughout Riley’s 2008 thesis the belief by those who have/want children is that for individuals in society, and especially women children were fundamental in providing fulfillment and companionship. Jamison, Franzini and Kaplan (1979, cited in Riley, 2008) investigation of American university students supported Riley (2008) view that there are negative implications for women in later life who were remaining childfree. The students perceived these women to be â€Å"less likely to be happy and satisfied in old age† (Jamison, Franzini & Kaplan, 1979 cited in Riley, 2008, p. 21). The participants in Riley’s (2008) research noted that there was harassment and pressure in regards to the implications and risks they were taking in remaining childfree. These were messages that in later life they would be alone, they would not have children to support or give them fulfillment this would be internalised and their wellbeing would be effected (Riley, 2008). Delwyn Field Page 4 Regret is a message that childfree persons seem to hear continually in regards to their decision (Cameron, 1997). But there is to date research that has actually provided the opposite outcome. In Jeffries and Konnett (2002) research found that 22 out of 23 participants of the Canadian voluntary childfree women did not regret their decision nor felt that their wellbeing was affected by their decision. When analyzing Zhang and Hayward’s (2001) quantitative research of Americans in the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) to conclude the Psychological wellbeing of childless older persons stereotypes are actually unfounded. The result of their research concluded that childlessness when voluntary did not support the hypothesis that â€Å"childlessness increases loneliness and depression for divorced, widowed and never married elderly persons† (Zhang & Hayward, 2001, p. 311). Therefore children make little difference in how women fare in later life in regards to loneliness. This was again confirmed by Rempel’s (1985) research article into the childless elderly. Rempel used the 1979 Social Change in Canada’s data base to compare childless and parent elderly. The results from the research showed that statistically there were minimal disparities of what they were missing in life. The article stated there were benefits to both choices in life. When reviewing the article Rempel (1985) highlighted the ability of those who were childfree to have a parallel quality of life of those who were parents in later life. This refutes the concern that childfree elderly are isolated and lonely. What points to the parallel quality of life is that thou adult children provide support networks to elderly parents. The childfree elderly also have an established network of friends and family e. g. siblings who contribute to their support networks (Rempel, 1985). Rempel (1985) suggest this is due to childfree persons knowing that in later life children are not going to be available. So in turn they produce a life that ensures they are â€Å"capable self reliant elderly† with an established support network they nurture (Rempel, 1985, p. 347). Delwyn Field Page 5 Zhang and Hayward (2001) confirmed that the social support network was crucial in childfree elderly maintaining wellbeing. Their research linked older childless persons being integrated into close friend networks instead of the close family networks older parents had established this was on par or to a greater level at providing support (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). The research also underpinned the role of siblings, nieces and nephews played in elderly childfree lives as being important compared to that of elderly parents lives (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). Connidis and Davis (1990) qualitative survey of over 400 older person to conclude the place of family and friends in later life also states the use of differing support networks of elderly people is beneficial. In depth individual one hour interviews in America discovered that among elderly persons a diversified social network provides the best support in later life (Connidis and Davis, 1990). This is most favorable to childfree women as they tend to develop the strongest ties with friends and siblings as both companions and confidents (Connidis & Davis, 1990). This may be again due to ensuring their self reliance in later life due to no children to depend upon. One of the key findings in loneliness, social isolation and living alone in later life was the size of the individual’s social network in offsetting negative effects of loneliness (Victor, Bowling, Bond & Scambler, n. d). Though a large amount of this literature review has shown loneliness is not the destiny of elderly childfree persons, it unfortunately has not included New Zealand childfree women. Therefore when analyzing Riley’s (2008) childfree participants in her New Zealand study was there any key theme that was established in regards to social networks and loneliness pertaining to the participants? All participants raised the concern of their status ‘childfree’ as making them more socially excluded. The difficulty of remaining friends with people when they became parents was expressed due to the â€Å"nature of the relationship† would change (Riley, 2008, p. 57). Maintaining friendships with parents was an issue and affected social networks. Cameron (1997) also discovered this in her Delwyn Field Page 6 study that childfree people believe that if they were parents they would have access to larger social networks (Cameron, 1997). This is because parents have more in common with other parent’s children provide a connection that is not available to childfree (Riley, 2008). Although to date no data could be found within the literature research to confirm that parenting is a guarantee to social inclusion. Unfortunately no participants were elderly to conclude loneliness in later life. More research needs to be conducted in regards to New Zealand Childfree persons to conclude social network supports and loneliness in elderly here. An article released by New Zealand Statistics in 2008 concluded that if trends continue one in four elderly women in New Zealand will be childless. New Zealand statistics also stated that childless is more common among women living in main urban areas (Boddington & Didham, 2008). Boddington and Didham (2008) who collated this information from the 2006 census state this is due to the larger social networks available in main urban areas. So will women who remain voluntary childfree and reside in smaller urban areas, be subjected to more negative impacts from their decision due to more smaller social networks? 3. METHOD The research proposed is from a qualitative approach using storytelling as a means of data collection. This method is applied because of the argument presented in favor of qualitative research that it â€Å"†¦views the social world as a complex, dynamic reality†¦ of multiple layers of meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Connolly, 2002, p. 27). Therefore qualitative data enables a more comprehensive insight into the complexity of people. Qualitative research also supports feminist principles of where women are collaborative and equal in the research (Smith & Noble-Spreull, 1986). Where-as if a quantitative method was applied in this research, it would focus on controlled data where the researcher has a hierarchical relationship with the researched, thus not equal and consistent with feminist values. Also through telling their stories women are given a voice to speak out within the public arena Delwyn Field Page 7 on pronatalism attitudes (promoting childbearing) which have been linked with patriarchal values and subordination of women (Riley, 2008). In turn this research will empower women to explore the complexity of childfree women which is important for feminism. Hence the qualitative approach when researching women who choose to remain voluntary childfree embraces the feminist perspective and enables us to seek understanding and information from the participant’s point of view (Bryman, 2001). 3. 1 DATA COLLECTION The data collection for the research is through one on one interview through storytelling. Davidson & Tolich state â€Å"storytelling aims to explore an individual’s identity†¦through personal accounts† (Alice, 2003, p. 6). It is a method that reveals rich data because when individuals talk of their understanding of events they may retell it giving greater insight to the complexity of their experiences and themselves (Webster & Mertova, 2007). This would be favorable in this research because the participants may have quite unique and complex accounts of their chosen life path where their po int of view is vital for data collection. Feminists also believe that storytelling is unique at capturing the â€Å"diversity of experiences between women† (Alice, 2003, p. 67). The interviews will be conducted within the participants home, at times which are most convenient for them. There is no structured time set due to the nature of the data collection method, but the research is based on one or two in depth interviews. The life stories will provide the interview format, my role as the researcher will be to provide prompts to encourage the flow of the interview process. Being an insider within the research proposal, and having my position transparent through contributing and sharing in the interview, will enhance the process of sharing stories. Through the storytelling collection method the research will seek to cover several aspects of the participant’s life story. These will be consistent with revealing data that will help to conclude what it is like to be voluntary childfree in later life. See appendix one for subject matter the interviews will be seeking to cover from each participant. If a more formal structured Delwyn Field Page 8 interview was to take place assumptions about the participant may taint their viewpoint and limit the data collected (Bryman 2001). The interviews will be recorded by audiotape, once consent is gained from the participants (Appendix two). This will enable me, the interviewer, to remain focused on the participants and enable the flow of the interview. Note taking will not be included as it may distort respondent’s answers and may be interruptive in the flow of the interview (Bryman 2001). The audiotapes will be transcribed by the interviewer and transferred to a hard copy. The participants will be invited to be supplied with a full copy of the audio interview and hard copy. This will in turn encourage reciprocity i. e. equal bi directional relationships within the research process, which is in line with feminism ideology (Smith & Noble-Spreull, 1986). It will also allow for the participants to confirm and have the opportunity to comment and make changes to their stories. This empowers the participant and encourages an egalitarian relationship which is congruent with qualitative research (Smith & Noble Spreull, 1986). The data through out the research project will be kept in a locked filing cabinet within my home in Taranaki. All information that is stored on computer will be contained in a secure file. At the end of the research project all data will be destroyed that is held on the computer, and within the filing cabinet. The participant’s audio tapes and hard copy transcripts will be returned to them or destroyed at the end of the research depending on their personal preference. The qualitative research will be analysed using coding where data retrieved from the story telling is broken down to key findings using the themes from the interview guide and other categories (appendix one). The other categories may be quite broad due to the in-depth nature of the data collection, thus sub categories may evolve through the data analysis (Bryman, 2001). The use of coding within the research enables the researcher to review transcripts and decipher significant common themes of the participants interviews Delwyn Field Page 9 (Bryman, 2001). The coding process will categorize the participant’s life stories showing common patterns in the social world of those who remain voluntary childfree and allow for analysis of the data (Bryman, 2001). Within the data collection coding should be done as soon as possible to â€Å"†¦sharpen your understanding of the data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and help with providing other emerging patterns (Bryman, 2001, p. 398). These patterns above the interview themes will contribute to the findings and the development of a theory to conclude the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree in later life. Once the coding is complete the data can be statistically analysed. 3. 2 SAMPLE GROUP/ PARTICIPANTS The sample group will consist of seven voluntary participants. The criteria for the sample group will be female, aged 65 years plus, voluntary childfree, living independent within the New Plymouth district community and have no cognitive impairment e. g. Alzheimer’s and dementia. The participants will be recruited through volunteer means. An advertisement will be placed within the local New Plymouth Midweek paper, over a period of two months recruiting volunteer participants (appendix four). The advertisement will also target local agency Age Concern to advertise in their newsletter magazine (Appendix four). Recruitment will also depend on invitations been extended through snowballing where the researcher depends on the social network groups of childfree women to enable invitation. Bryman (2001) describes snowballing as the opportunity to use a small group to recruit other participants who are relevant for the research. This method of recruitment is chosen because there is no data base to seek women who have chosen to remain voluntary childfree available in New Zealand. The researcher will select the first seven participants who meet the chosen criteria. The number of participants allows the researcher to acquire a large enough sample base for data to be consequential in providing an analysis of voluntary childfree women. The Delwyn Field Page 10 group number is also conducive in enabling the type of data collection method to be effectively conducted. This is due the in depth nature of story telling collection methods in conjunction with the time restraints of the research proposal. The selected seven participants will be sent a letter introducing the researcher stating what is required as participants (appendix three), and a consent form (appendix two). The consent form will tell the participants of their rights, where the information will be used and ensure them that they can withdraw from the research at any time (appendix two). 4. ETHICAL ISSUES Through my study as a social work student I will be guided by the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) Code of Ethics (2008) ethical responsibilities in research. The research carried out will be in line with social work practice and be sensitive to the â€Å"†¦wellbeing and dignity of participants† by integrating the following into the research proposed (ANZASW, 2008, p. 4). Before undertaking any recruitment the research proposed will be taken to the Western Institute of Technology (WITT) Ethics Committee to seek guidance and advice in regards to what research ethics committee I may need to gain approval from. This will ensure that the research meets the appropriate standards of being ethically sound. Within the voluntary recruitment process no partici pants will be â€Å"†¦obtained by coercion nor by force†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and at all times through out the research the participants have the right to withdraw without explanation to the researcher (Wilkinson, 2001, p. 6). The introduction letter (Appendix three) will be to ensure that participants are fully informed of all relevant information in regards to the nature, purpose and process of the research that is to be carried out. This information will be fully disclosed whether the participant has asked for it or not and will ensure that the participant gains full knowledge of what they are getting into (Wilkinson, 2001). This will all be disclosed before obtaining written consent (Appendix two) from the participants so that no deception occurs. Delwyn Field Page 11 All data collection methods will be conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi; partnership, participation and protection. The research will be conducted so that self determination is sustained. This will be through participants obtaining a full copy of the audio interview and written copy of the transcript for clarification. This will also provide the opportunity for them to change and omit any information that they do not wish to be disclosed. Confidentiality will be upheld, names of participants will be deleted. Participants will be informed though that some information given may enable them to be identified due to the size of the demographic area; so complete confidentiality can not be fully guaranteed. All information obtained will be destroyed on completion of the research project, with the option that participants may have information returned to them if they wish. The concern for harm within the research would be that the research topic may generate negative memories and emotions for the participants. Under the clause 8. 1 of the ANZASW Code of Ethics (2008) the researcher must â€Å"†¦take all possible steps to protect participants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , if distress does occur a referral to a counselor will be provided (ANZASW, 2008, p. 14). This service will be available during and up to the completion of the research. Potential problems that may occur in trying to carry out the research may be the perception that I the researcher are too young, thus discrediting my ability causing the participants to not talk to me. Also the ability to gain participants who wish to share their stories of their chosen life path of voluntarily remaining childfree may be considered too personal to share. If not enough participants are found the sample may not be large enough to give a significant and fair analysis of the implications of remaining childfree in later life within the New Plymouth district. Delwyn Field Page 12 At all times I will seek supervision due to my own personal position within the research topic. This will be to ensure information obtained from the research will not spark off any negative mental discomfort in my own personal life. . CONCLUSION This research proposal is an opportunity for women to tell their stories and enlighten society that womanhood in later life is not just valued on motherhood, thus disputing pronaltist ideology (Riley, 2008). These stories will hopefully support existing literature and remove assumptions, allowing voluntarily childfree women to be more valued in our socie ty and not stereotyped for later life implications. One of the greatest benefits of this research is that undertaking research on women in later life who are voluntary childfree may assist future elderly generations. This is through providing rich data from their life stories which may conclude coping techniques to ensure well being an offset loneliness in later life. With using a feminist perspective in the qualitative research methodology the research will work for women and give a voice to empower them in their choices. The weakness of the research is that there is no quantitative data for triangulation which may have provided the research with more validity and reliability. Future studies within New Zealand will be beneficial due to the limitations of this proposed research. Delwyn Field Page 13 6. Bibliography Alice, L. (2003). Power, experience, and process in femininst research. In C. Davidson & M. Tolich (Eds. ). Social Science Research In New Zealand: Many Paths to Understanding. (2nd ed. ). (pp 62- 68), Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Ltd. Alzheimer’s Society (2007, February). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and loneliness. Alzheimer’s Research News. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http://alzheimers. org. uk/site/script/news_article Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). (2008). Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers: Code of Ethics. (2nd revision). New Zealand: Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). Ashcroft, C. 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